Tuesday, 28 July 2015

PERDARAHAN GASTROINTESTINAL



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

BATASAN
Perdarahan gastrointestinal dapat terjadi dimana saja pada traktus digestivus dari mulut sampai dengan anus. Darah dapat terlihat pada tinja atau muntahan atau dapat saja perdarahan tersembunyi yang hanya dapat dilihat dengan pemeriksaan laboratorium.

PATOFISIOLOGI
Tergantung penyebab 
 
GEJALA KLINIS
Dilakukan evaluasi pada :
a.    Perlu dikonfirmasi apakah memang benar darah yang keluar dan benar-benar keluar dari traktus digestivus
b.      Berapa banyak darah yang keluar dan karakteristiknya
c.       Apakah anak tampak sakit akut atau kronis
      Dicari adanya tanda-tanda hipertensi portal, obstruksi intestinal, koagulopati, epistaksis, fisura ani dan hemoroid.
      Peningkatan nadi 20/menit atau penurunan tekanan darah sistolik 10 mmHg saat dari duduk akan berdiri, adalah tanda terjadi perdarahan yang cukup signifikan.
d.      Apakah perdarahan masih berlangsung

Identifikasi asal perdarahan gastrointestinal
  
Gejala klinis
Lokasi perdarahan
Darah merah segar dari mulut
Lesi mulut atau nasofaring
Varises esofagus
Laserasi esofagus/mukosa gaster (Mallory weiss syndrome)
Muntahan darah merah segar atau seperti kopi
Lesi proksimal dari ligamen Treitz
Melena
Lesi proksimal dari ligamen Treitz, usus kecil
Kehilangan darah berkisar 50-100 ml/hari
Darah segar bercampur tinja
Lesi pada ileum atau colon
Perdarahan masif upper gastrointestinaltract
Darah diluar tinja
Lesi pada ampula rektum atau anus

CARA PEMERIKSAAN/DIAGNOSIS

-       Apt test untuk membedakan darah bayi dan darah ibu
-       Foto polos abdomen
-       Esofagogastrodudodenoskopi
-       Sigmoidoskopi dan kolonoskopi
-       Biopsi
-       Meckel scan


 
DIAGNOSA BANDING
Diagnosa banding perdarahan gastrointestinal


Bayi
Anak
Hematemesis
Tertelan darah ibu
Peptic esophagitis

Epistaksis
Peptic esophagitis
Mallory weiss syndrome
Varises esofagus
Ulkus gaster
Ulkus duodenum
Henoch schonlein purpura
Melena
Ulkus duodenum
Duplikasi ileum
Divertikulum Meckel
Ulkus duodenum
Duplikasi ileum
Divertikulum Meckel
Melena dengan nyeri, obstruksi, peritonitis, perforasi
Necrotizing enterocolitis
Intususepsi
Volvulus
Ulkus duodenum
Hemobilia
Intususepsi
Volvulus
Hematochezia dengan diare, crampy abdominal pain
Kolitis infeksiosa
Kolitis pseudomembran
Enterokolitis Hirschprung
Kolitis infeksiosa
Kolitis crohn
Sindroma hemolitik uremi
Henoch schonlein purpura
Hematochezia tanpa diare dan nyeri perut
Fisura ani
Kolitis eosinofilik
Fisura ani
Ulkus rektum
Juvenile polyp
 



PENYULIT : Gangguan sirkulasi – syok

PENATALAKSANAAN
a.       Resusitasi cairan
b.      Kumbah lambung dengan menggunakan normal saline
c.       Perdarahan dari pembuluh darah (varises, kelainan vaskuler) yang persisten :
-   Vasopresin 20 unit/1,73m2 selama 20 menit atau ocreotide 25-30 µg/m2/jam, keduanya dapat diberikan selama 24 jam apabila diperlukan.
-       Pemasangan Sengstaken-Blakemore tube
-       Skleroterapi
-       Konsul bedah anak
d.  Perdarahan akibat ulkus : antasida, dekompresi gaster, elektrokauter, injeksi epinefrin lokal, pembedahan darurat.

DAFTAR PUSTAKA
1.      Squires, J. R. H. (1999). "Gastrointestinal bleeding." Pediatric 20 : 95-101.
2.      Gilger, M. A. (2004). Upper gastrointestinal bleeding. Pediatric Gastrointestinal Disease. Walker., Goulet., Kleinman.et al. Ontario, BC. Decker Inc. 1 : 258-263.
3.  Turck, D. and L. Michaud (2004). Lower gastrointestinal bleeding. Pediatric Gastrointestinal Disease. Walker., Goulet., Kleinman.et al. Ontario, BC. Decker Inc. 1 : 266-280.






 

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