Tuesday, 28 July 2015

HYPERPYREXIA



DEFINISI
Hiperpirexia adalah kenaikan suhu tubuh diatas 410 C (rectal). Merupakan keadaan gawat darurat medik dengan angka kematian yang tinggi terutama pada bayi sangat muda, usia lanjut dan penderita-penderita penyakit jantung.

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

PATOFISIOLOGI
Hiperpirexia terjadi karena produksi panas berlebihan, terhambatnya pengeluaran panas atau kerusakan thermoregulator. Setiap kenaikan 10 C suhu tubuh akan menaikkan metabolisme  +13%, sehingga pada suhu 40,50 C metabolisme meningkat 50%, konsumsi oksigen meningkat, terjadi metabolisme anaerob dan asidosis metabolik. Suhu  > 410 C anak bisa mengalami kejang, sedangkan suhu > 420 C dapat menyebabkan denaturasi dan kerusakan sel secara langsung.
Akibat yang bisa terjadi pada hiperpirexia :
1.    Renjatan / Hipovolemia
2.    Gangguan fungsi jantung
3.    Gangguan fungsi koagulasi
4.    Gangguan fungsi ginjal
5.    Nekrosis hepatosellular
6.    Hiperventilasi, yang dapat menyebabkan hipokapnea, alkalosis dan tetani.


PENGOBATAN
Antipiretik tidak diberikan secara otomatis pada setiap penderita panas karena panas merupakan usaha pertahanan tubuh, pemberian antipiretik juga dapat menutupi kemungkinan komplikasi. Pengobatan terutama ditujukan terhadap penyakit penyebab panas.

ANTIPIRETIKA
Parasetamol                       :    10 -15 mg/kg BB/ kali (dapat diberikan secara oral atau rektal).
Metamizole ( novalgin )    :    10 mg/kg BB/kali per oral atau intravenous.
Ibuprofen                           :    5-10 mg/kg BB/ kali, per oral atau rektal.

PENDINGINGIN SECARA FISIK

MERUPAKAN TERAPI PILIHAN UTAMA
Kecepatan penurunan suhu > 0,10 C/menit sampai tercapai suhu 38,50 C.
Cara-cara  physical cooling/compres :
Evaporasi : penderita dikompres dingin seluruh tubuh, disertai kipas angin untuk  mempercepat penguapan. Cara ini paling mudah, tidak invasif dan efektif.

Cara lain yang bisa digunakan : kumbah lambung dengan air dingin, infus cairan dingin, enema dengan air dingin atau humidified oksigen dingin, tetapi cara ini kurang efektif.
Penurunan suhu tubuh yang cepat dapat terjadi refleks vasokonstriksi dan shivering yang akan meningkatkan kebutuhan oksigen dan produksi panas yang merugikan tubuh. Untuk mengurangi dampak ini dapat diberi :
-   Diazepam : merupakan pilihan utama dan lebih menguntungkan karena mempunyai efek antikonvulsi dan tidak punya efek hipotensi.
-        Chlorpromazine                     

KEPUSTAKAAN
2.        Root RK. Host responses to infection : Fever, hyperthermia, and hypothermia. Htpp:// www.oup-usa.org/sc/019508103x/019508103x_09.pdf.
3.     Blum FC. Fever.In Marx JA,Hockberger RS, Walls RM eds. Rosen’s Emergency  Medicine :  Concepts and Clinical Practice 5th ed. St. Louis : Mosby, 2002; 116-9.
4.         Barkin RM, Zukin DD. Fever in children. In Marx JA, Hockberger RS, Walls RM eds. Rosen’s Emergency Medicine : Concepts and Clinical Practice 5th  ed. St. Louis : Mosby, 2002; 2234-45.
5.           Simon HB. Hyperthermia. N Engl J Med 1993; 329: 483-7.
6.          Lorin MI. Fever in critically ill patients. Seminars Ped Infect Dis 2000; 11 (1) :
7.       Kregel KC. Molecular biology of thermoregulation : Heat shock protein : modifying Factors in physiological stress responses and acquired thermotolerance. J Appl Physiol 2002; 92 : 2177-86.
8.       Wexler RK. Evaluation and treatment of heat-related illnesses. Am Fam Physicians 2002; 65 (11) : 2307-14.

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